第686章 周世宗为政(三)
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第686章周世宗为政(三)(第1/2页)
五代乱世,干戈不息、文教陵迟、斯文扫地。数十年间,王朝更迭频繁,官府无暇治学育人,科举制度日渐崩坏,舞弊徇私、滥竽充数、优劣不分之风盛行;礼乐制度残缺紊乱、雅乐失传、礼制废弛;前朝史籍散佚残缺、无人整理;官府藏书寥寥无几、典籍流失严重;旧历谬误丛生、天象推算失准、贻误农时。
柴荣深知,武功可以定乱世,文治方能守太平。若欲长治久安、重塑华夏正统、再造盛世基业,除强军、理财、安民之外,更必须整肃士风、规整科举、复兴礼乐、修书存史、校正历法。故而世宗在位期间,于戎马倥偬、日理万机之余,大力推行文教改革,整肃科场积弊、规范取士制度、修订礼乐典章、编修国史、搜求古籍、订正历法,一扫五代百年文治颓靡之风,为乱世文脉续命,为后世北宋崇文盛世开启先河。
一、严整科场、厘定科举,重塑取士正统
五代科举法度松弛、监管废弛,主考官徇私舞弊、权贵请托成风,取舍无凭、优劣倒置,大量庸劣士人滥登科第、跻身仕途,而寒门真才多被埋没,致使官场人才混杂、吏治浑浊、士风败坏。世宗即位后,以肃清科场积弊、精选治国贤才为要务,以雷霆手段严整科举秩序。
显德二年(955年),当年新科进士放榜之后,柴荣察觉科场风气虚浮、取舍不实,不信任考官独断取舍的结果。为亲自甄别真伪、拔擢真才、杜绝徇私,世宗破例下诏,亲自阅览核验一十六名新举进士的诗赋、文论、策对全文,逐篇审阅、逐人考核、细辨优劣、甄别虚实。
经过帝王亲考、严谨筛选,世宗认定多数举子文风虚浮、学识浅薄、策论空洞、不堪任用,最终仅裁定李覃等四人学识扎实、文辞得体、策论通达,准予正式及第、登科入仕。其余十二名新进士因学识不精、文赋疏浅、对策无见地,尽数当庭黜落、刷榜除名。帝王亲自复审进士、大规模裁汰科场滥取之人,在五代极为罕见,极大震慑了科场舞弊虚浮之风。
为彻底终结五代科举杂乱无章、科目冗滥、取士无度的乱象,建立标准化、制度化的选材体系,显德四年(957年)十月,柴荣下诏厘定制科科目,正式确立三类核心制举,专为遴选天下卓异人才:其一为贤良方正能直言极谏科,用以选拔刚正不阿、敢于直言匡正朝政得失的诤臣;其二为经学优深可为师法科,用以选拔通晓经义、学识渊博、可教化天下的儒学名士;其三为详闲吏理达于教化科,用以选拔通晓政务、熟稔吏治、擅长治民教化的实干能臣。
三科并立、各司其用,兼顾德行、学识、吏治,彻底摒弃浮华虚文,回归经世致用的取士正道。
与此同时,世宗持续收紧科举审核流程、层层设防杜绝舞弊。显德五年(958年)三月,朝廷增设复试制度,专门委任翰林学士李昉对各州府举荐的贡生进行二次复核考试,层层筛选、严核学识,杜绝州县滥举、权贵私举、冒名顶替之弊,从生源端净化科举队伍。
次年正月,柴荣再颁新规,彻底收束科举终审权、杜绝考官私放榜单、暗箱操作。诏令明文规定:此后礼部贡院完成阅卷排名之后,所有及第举子必须依照科目等次登记人数、姓名以及应试诗文策卷,逐条造册上奏,必须等候皇帝敕令审定之后,方可正式张榜放榜。自此,科举取士终审权归于皇权,流程严密、法度森严,五代以来科场混乱的局面得到根本性扭转。
二、修订礼乐、编撰典章,重塑华夏礼制
乱世百年,礼崩乐坏、雅乐失传,宫廷乐章杂乱鄙俗、音律错乱,王朝典章残缺不全、无制可依,华夏礼乐正统几近断绝。柴荣立志复兴礼乐、重整典章、恢复王朝威仪、重塑文教正统。
显德五年(958年),世宗特意延聘当世文学宿儒、礼乐名士入朝,命翰林学士窦俨总领礼乐改制事宜,召集一众博学文臣,系统考证前代礼制乐典,删繁补缺、订正谬误、重整规制,倾力编撰**《大周通礼》《大周正乐》**,系统完善后周王朝的礼仪制度、礼乐规制,填补五代礼制空白。
(本章未完,请点击下一页继续阅读)第686章周世宗为政(三)(第2/2页)
显德六年(959年)正月,再命名臣王朴详定雅乐音律,考究上古乐制、校正音律尺度,精准完善雅乐十二律旋相为宫之法,重新校订律准、规整宫商,校正错乱百年的宫廷雅乐,让失传已久的华夏正乐重归庙堂、复归正统。
三、编修实录、存录国史,接续乱世文脉
朝代有史、国有实录,方为正统王朝。五代战乱频仍,诸国史书废弃、实录不修、事迹散佚,诸多王朝史实濒临湮灭。为保存前朝史料、厘清治乱兴衰、垂鉴后世,显德四年(957年),柴荣下诏开设史馆修史,委任兵部尚书张昭主持国史编修工作,系统整理编
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